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@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
XXD(1) XXD(1)
XXD(1) XXD(1)
NAME
xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse.
@ -13,239 +11,184 @@ SYNOPSIS
xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]
DESCRIPTION
xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input.
It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary
form. Like uuencode(1) and uudecode(1) it allows the
transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII repre-
sentation, but has the advantage of decoding to standard
output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file
patching.
xxd creates a hex dump of a given file or standard input. It can also
convert a hex dump back to its original binary form. Like uuencode(1)
and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-
safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of decoding to stan-
dard output. Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.
OPTIONS
If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile
is specified as a `-' character, then input is taken from
standard input. If no outfile is given (or a `-' charac-
ter is in its place), results are sent to standard output.
If no infile is given, standard input is read. If infile is specified
as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input. If no
outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent
to standard output.
Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for
more than the first option letter, unless the option is
followed by a parameter. Spaces between a single option
letter and its parameter are optional. Parameters to
options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all
equivalent.
Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than
the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
Spaces between a single option letter and its parameter are optional.
Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or octal
notation. Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent.
-a | -autoskip
toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines.
Default off.
toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines. Default off.
-b | -bits
Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than
hexdump. This option writes octets as eight digits
"1"s and "0"s instead of a normal hexacecimal dump.
Each line is preceded by a line number in hexadeci-
mal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) represen-
tation. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not
work with this mode.
Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump. This
option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a
normal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number
in hexadecimal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representa-
tion. The command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this
mode.
-c cols | -cols cols
-c cols | -cols cols format <cols> octets per line.
Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b: 6). Max 256.
format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b:
6). Max 256.
-E | -EBCDIC
Change the character encoding in the righthand col-
umn from ASCII to EBCDIC. This does not change the
hexadecimal representation. The option is meaning-
less in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
Manual page for xxd August 1996 1
XXD(1) XXD(1)
Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII
to EBCDIC. This does not change the hexadecimal representation.
The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.
-g bytes | -groupsize bytes
seperate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex
characters or eight bit-digits each) by a whites-
pace. Specify -g 0 to suppress grouping. <Bytes>
defaults to 2 in normal mode and 1 in bits mode.
Grouping does not apply to postscript or include
separate the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters
or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace. Specify -g 0 to sup-
press grouping. <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode and 1 in
bits mode. Grouping does not apply to postscript or include
style.
-h | -help
print a summary of available commands and exit. No
hex dumping is performed.
print a summary of available commands and exit. No hex dumping
is performed.
-i | -include
output in C include file style. A complete static
array definition is written (named after the input
file), unless xxd reads from stdin.
output in C include file style. A complete static array defini-
tion is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads
from stdin.
-l len | -len len
stop after writing <len> octets.
-p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also
known as plain hexdump style.
output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as
plain hexdump style.
-r | -revert
reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into
binary. If not writing to stdout, xxd writes into
its output file without truncating it. Use the com-
bination -r -p to read plain hexadecimal dumps
without line number information and without a par-
ticular column layout. Additional Whitespace and
line-breaks are allowed anywhere.
reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary. If
not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without
truncating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadeci-
mal dumps without line number information and without a particu-
lar column layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are
allowed anywhere.
-seek offset
When used after -r : revert with <offset> added to
file positions found in hexdump.
When used after -r : revert with <offset> added to file posi-
tions found in hexdump.
-s [+][-]seek
start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset.
+ indicates that the seek is relative to the cur-
rent stdin file position (meaningless when not
reading from stdin). - indicates that the seek
should be that many characters from the end of the
input (or if combined with
+ : before the current stdin file position).
Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file
position.
start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset. + indicates
that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position
(meaningless when not reading from stdin). - indicates that the
seek should be that many characters from the end of the input
(or if combined with
+ : before the current stdin file position). Without -s
option, xxd starts at the current file position.
-u use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.
-u use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.
-v | -version
show version string.
Manual page for xxd August 1996 2
XXD(1) XXD(1)
CAVEATS
xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number
information. If the ouput file is seekable, then the
linenumbers at the start of each hexdump line may be out
of order, lines may be missing, or overlapping. In these
cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the out-
put file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which
will be filled by null-bytes.
xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information.
If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the start of
each hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or over-
lapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If the
output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be
filled by null-bytes.
xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently
skipped.
xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.
When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips
everything on the input line after reading enough columns
of hexadecimal data (see option -c). This also means, that
changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic) columns are
always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style
hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct num-
ber of columns. Here an thing that looks like a pair of
hex-digits is interpreted.
When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the
input line after reading enough columns of hexadecimal data (see option
-c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic)
columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript) style
hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of col-
umns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is inter-
preted.
Note the difference between
% xxd -i file
and
% xxd -i < file
xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek , as
lseek(2) is used to "rewind" input. A '+' makes a differ-
ence if the input source is stdin, and if stdin's file
position is not at the start of the file by the time xxd
is started and given its input. The following examples
may help to clarify (or further confuse!)...
xxd -s +seek may be different from xxd -s seek , as lseek(2) is used to
"rewind" input. A '+' makes a difference if the input source is stdin,
and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the
time xxd is started and given its input. The following examples may
help to clarify (or further confuse!)...
Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has
already read to the end of stdin.
Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read
to the end of stdin.
% sh -c 'cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy' < file
Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The
`+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus
the `128' adds to the 1k where dd left off.
% sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 >
hex_snippet' < file
Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards. The `+' sign
means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k
where dd left off.
% sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet'
< file
Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on.
% sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 >
hex_snippet' < file
% sh -c 'dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet'
< file
However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is
rarely needed. the author prefers to monitor the effect
of xxd with strace(1) or truss(1), whenever -s is used.
However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.
The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with strace(1) or
truss(1), whenever -s is used.
EXAMPLES
Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30
bytes) of file
Manual page for xxd August 1996 3
XXD(1) XXD(1)
Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file
% xxd -s 0x30 file
Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file
% xxd -s -0x30 file
Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 40 octets per
line.
Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 40 octets per line.
% xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
2e544820585844203120224d616e75616c207061
676520666f7220787864220a2e5c220a2e5c2220
32317374204d617920313939360a2e5c22204d61
6e207061676520617574686f723a0a2e5c222020
2020546f6e79204e7567656e74203c746f6e7940
7363746e7567656e2e7070702e67752e6564752e
2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567
Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12
octets per line.
Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
% xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 224d .TH XXD 1 "M
000000c: 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 2066 anual page f
0000018: 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c 220a or xxd"..\".
0000024: 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d 6179 .\" 21st May
0000030: 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 4d61 1996..\" Ma
000003c: 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 686f n page autho
0000048: 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 546f r:..\" To
0000054: 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 3c74 ny Nugent <t
0000060: 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 656e ony@sctnugen
000006c: 2e70 7070 2e67 752e 6564 752e .ppp.gu.edu.
0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241 .TH XXD 1 "A
000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220 ugust 1996"
0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765 "Manual page
0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c for xxd"..\
0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d "..\" 21st M
000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220 ay 1996..\"
0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574 Man page aut
0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020 hor:..\"
0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420 Tony Nugent
000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567 <tony@sctnug
Display just the date from the file xxd.1
% xxd -s 0x28 -l 12 -c 12 xxd.1
0000028: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 21st May 199
% xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 21st May 1996
Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of
value 0x00.
Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
% xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file
Patch the date in the file xxd.1
% echo '0000029: 3574 68' | xxd -r - xxd.1
% xxd -s 0x28 -l 12 -c 12 xxd.1
0000028: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 25th May 199
% echo '0000037: 3574 68' | xxd -r - xxd.1
% xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36 25th May 1996
Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for
the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one
which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
% echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r > file
Hexdump this file with autoskip.
@ -254,34 +197,21 @@ XXD(1) XXD(1)
*
000fffc: 0000 0000 40 ....A
Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character.
The number after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in
Manual page for xxd August 1996 4
XXD(1) XXD(1)
the file; in effect, the leading bytes are suppressed.
Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character. The number
after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; in effect, the
leading bytes are suppressed.
% echo '010000: 41' | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to
hexdump a region marked between `a' and `z'.
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hexdump a region
marked between `a' and `z'.
:'a,'z!xxd
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to
recover a binary hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary
hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
:'a,'z!xxd -r
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to
recover one line of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the
line and type:
Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line
of a hexdump. Move the cursor over the line and type:
!!xxd -r
Read single characters from a serial line
@ -295,8 +225,7 @@ RETURN VALUES
0 no errors encountered.
-1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossi-
ble).
-1 operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossible).
1 error while parsing options.
@ -310,9 +239,8 @@ SEE ALSO
uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)
WARNINGS
The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use
entirely at your own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a
wizard.
The tools weirdness matches its creators brain. Use entirely at your
own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.
VERSION
This manual page documents xxd version 1.7
@ -322,75 +250,14 @@ AUTHOR
<jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>
Distribute freely and credit me,
Manual page for xxd August 1996 5
XXD(1) XXD(1)
make money and share with me,
lose money and don't ask me.
Manual page started by Tony Nugent
<tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen
Weigert.
Small changes by Bram Moolenaar. Edited by Juergen Weigert.
Manual page for xxd August 1996 6
Manual page for xxd August 1996 XXD(1)